Introduction Vasectomy in tom cats is a surgical sterilization procedure that prevents reproduction while preserving testosterone levels and natural behaviors. Unlike traditional neutering (castration), which removes the testicles and stops
Introduction Vasectomy in dogs is a surgical technique in which the vas deferens, the ducts that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra, are cut, tied, or sealed. This
Introduction Botulism in animals is a severe neuroparalytic disease affecting a wide range of species, caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium. The disease results in
Introduction Blackleg is a highly fatal bacterial disease primarily affecting cattle and sheep. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei, a spore-forming bacterium that resides in the soil. Blackleg disease is
Introduction Ostertagia in animals is a genus of parasitic nematodes that primarily affect ruminants, causing severe parasitic gastritis. This condition is particularly prevalent in temperate climates and subtropical regions with
Introduction Trypanosomosis is a significant parasitic disease affecting both domestic animals and humans, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, which
Introduction Colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is one of the most significant bacterial diseases in poultry. It leads to high mortality, reduced productivity, and increased treatment costs, making it a major
Introduction Mycoplasmosis is a stealthy and persistent respiratory disease that plagues poultry farms worldwide. Caused by Mycoplasma species, this disease affects both broilers and layers, leading to significant economic losses due to reduced egg production,
Introduction Pullorum disease, caused by Salmonella pullorum, is a highly contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects chickens and turkeys. Known for its high mortality rates in young birds, this disease poses a significant threat to poultry
Introduction Paratyphoid infections in poultry also called are caused by non-host-specific Salmonella species, such as Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. These infections primarily affect young birds and pose significant zoonotic risks, leading to foodborne illnesses in